Abstract

Generative AI models face a fundamental limitation when translating specialized terminology in low-resource language pairs: highly specialized vocabulary appears too infrequently in training corpora. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a hybrid framework that combines computational lexicography with neural machine translation to resolve systematic terminological inconsistencies. The approach implements a four-stage automated extraction pipeline: dictionary-based matching, phonetic similarity analysis, statistical significance detection, and proper noun resolution. Following expert validation, these four stages construct a metadata-rich terminological database. The database supports a two-stage translation system: first, standard neural fine-tuning handles style and syntax, followed by automated post-processing based on metadata (denomination, tradition, period) to achieve terminological control. In tests on biblical translation from ancient languages to Chinese (Hebrew, Greek, Latin), the system achieved 1.13× to 1.68× improvements in terminology coverage over dictionary baselines. Rather than competing with commercial large language models, this framework proposes a complementary approach: metadata-driven terminological control addresses systematic gaps that current models cannot resolve. Such methodology could be integrated directly into future model training or inference pipelines. The modular architecture could extend to other specialized domains with similar characteristics: limited parallel corpora and high terminological variability, including legal, medical, and technical fields.

Keywords

neural machine translation, computational lexicography, low-resource languages, terminology extraction, specialized translation

摘要

生成式人工智能模型在處理低資源語言對的專業術語翻譯時,面臨一個根本性限制：高度專業化的詞彙在訓練語料庫中出現頻率過低。本文針對這一問題,提出了一個混合框架,將計算詞典學與神經機器翻譯相結合,以解決系統性的術語不一致現象。該方法包含四階段自動提取流程：基於詞典的匹配、語音相似性分析、統計顯著性檢測以及專有名詞解析。經專家驗證後,這些流程構建出富含元數據的術語數據庫。數據庫支持兩階段翻譯系統：首先通過標準神經微調處理風格和句法,隨後基於元數據（名稱、傳統、時期）進行自動後處理,實現術語控制。在古代語言至中文的聖經翻譯測試中（希伯來語、希臘語、拉丁語）,該系統的術語覆蓋率較詞典基線提升了1.13倍至1.68倍。本框架並非旨在取代商業大型語言模型,而是提供一種互補方法：通過元數據驅動的術語控制彌補現有模型在專業領域的系統性缺陷。此類方法論有望直接整合至未來模型的訓練或推理流程中。該模塊化架構或可擴展至其他具有相似特徵的專業領域,如有限並行語料庫和高術語變異性的法律、醫學及技術領域。

關鍵詞

神經機器翻譯、計算詞典學、低資源語言、術語提取、專業翻譯

Abstract

This article examines how Christopher Markert’s staged translation of the Book of Changes (1986) uses visual and verbal peritexts to construct a façade of cultural legitimacy. While Markert’s version presents ideological arguments against Western culture absent from established sinological scholarship, it makes several statements which suggest engagement with Chinese sources and incorporates an extensive array of Chinese visual features such as decontextualized Chinese characters and copies of traditional Chinese paintings on nearly every double-page spread. By drawing on Genette’s paratext theory, Peircean semiotics, and MacCannell’s staged authenticity, this study argues that these peritextual strategies do not function as meaningful textual references but as signifiers of “Chineseness” that simulate indexical connection to Chinese sources. Particularly, the article demonstrates how Markert’s systematic visual saturation creates a persuasive veneer of cultural legitimacy that enables what is effectively a staged translation to circulate internationally as a genuine representation of the Chinese classic. The findings reveal a paratextual strategy wherein cultural signifiers are deployed to authenticate a text, bypassing the sort of genuine indexical relationship to source materials that traditionally grounds translation as a practice. This case study contributes to translation studies by extending paratextual analysis beyond literary framing and introducing the concept of staged translation, demonstrating how visual elements especially can function as mechanisms of legitimation that perform the authority a text otherwise lacks.

Keywords

Book of Changes, staged translation, pseudo-translation, visual peritexts, Peircean semiotics

摘要

本文探討克裏斯多福•馬克特（Christopher Markert）於1986年出版的《易經》展演式翻譯,如何運用視覺與文字型內副文本,建構出一種文化正當性的假象。馬克特的版本提出若幹意識形態論述,以批判西方文化,而這些論述並未見於既有的漢學研究中;與此同時,該譯本又通過多項陳述暗示其曾參照中文材料,並納入大量中國視覺元素,例如脫離語境的漢字,以及幾乎每個跨頁都可見的傳統中國繪畫複製品。藉由熱拉爾•熱奈特（Genette）的副文本理論、皮爾士符號學,以及麥坎內爾（MacCannell）的「展演式真實性」概念,本研究主張：這些內副文本策略並非作為有意義的文本指涉而運作,而是作為「中國性」的符徵,模擬出文本與中文來源之間的指示性連結。本文特別指出,馬克特系統性地以視覺元素充斥版面,營造出一層極具說服力的文化正當性外衣,使這一實際上屬於展演式翻譯的譯本,得以在國際間作為中國經典的真實再現而流通。本研究揭示了一種副文本策略：文化符號被用來營造出文本具有真實性與正當性的表象,從而繞過那種真正建立在來源材料之上的指示性關係,而這種關係傳統上正是翻譯作為一種實踐的基礎。本個案研究通過將副文本分析延伸至文學框架之外,並引入「展演式翻譯」的概念,拓展了翻譯研究的討論範圍,同時表明視覺元素尤其可以作為一種正當化機制,展演出文本原本並不具備的權威。

關鍵詞

《易經》、展演式翻譯、偽翻譯、視覺內副文本、皮爾士符號學

Abstract

After the failure of the 1898 Hundred Days’ Reform, Kang Youwei fled overseas under intense pursuit by the Qing authorities, continually seeking foreign military intervention to support his Royalist Movement (Qinwang Movement). In order to obtain British support, Kang, who lacked proficiency in English, traveled to London accompanied by his British interpreter, Chen Enrong (Claude Ley Kum). During Kang’s subsequent period of sojourn on the Coal Island, Chen remained briefly at his side before returning to Hong Kong. Existing scholarship has overlooked this “unusual” interpreter during Kang Youwei’s overseas exile. The absence of research on his role and motivations has prevented a proper understanding of his function within Kang’s overseas activities, leaving the historical traces surrounding him largely unexplored. With the emergence of new archival materials, however, this interpreter has begun to reappear from the shadows of history. Drawing primarily on telegrams and press reports preserved in the Hong Kong Public Records Office, the Hong Kong Public Libraries Digital Collections, and other open-access repositories, this article reconstructs the life of Chen and examines the multiple identities he embodied while serving at Kang’s side. It analyzes Chen’s motives for interpreting on Kang’s behalf as a representative for Ho Tung. By interrogating the role of this interpreter, the study unearths the divergent agendas and conflicting stances held by the Hong Kong business community and exiled politicians during this British expedition. Ultimately, it seeks to draw scholarly attention to the often-overlooked interpreters accompanying Kang Youwei during his years in exile, thereby stimulating further academic inquiry into the multifaceted translation phenomena within the Royalist Movement.

Keywords

Qinwang Movement, Chen Enrong, Kang Youwei, Translation Studies

摘要

戊戌政變後,康有為在清廷緝捕下逋亡海外，不斷尋求海外武裝力量幹涉，助其勤王之舉。為獲取英國支持，不諳西語的康有為在英籍譯者陳恩榮的陪同下遠赴英國，之後在文島休養期間，陳恩榮短暫待在康有為身邊直至返回香港。對這位康有為海外流亡時身邊的「特殊」譯者，現有研究並未觸及,更無法經由譯者的角色與動機正確認識其作用,挖掘背後的歷史痕跡。得益於新史料的出現，這位譯者在歷史中逐漸顯形。本文以香港歷史檔案館、香港公共圖書館數碼館藏及其它開放資源庫所藏相關報紙和電函為核心史料，考察譯者陳恩榮生平與其在康有為身邊的多重身分，解讀作為香港富商何東代言人的陳恩榮為康有為譒譯的動機，並透過這一譯員鈎沉英國之行中香港商界與流亡政客各自懷揣著的不同目的和佔據的立場。希望能引起學界對康有為海外流亡時身邊譯者關注，以及進一步挖掘勤王運動中翻譯現象的興趣。

關鍵詞

勤王運動、陳恩榮、康有為、翻譯研究